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1957, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. Pumpkin: joumou. By listening to them, going along into the woods when they gathered and doing reading on my own, I too began to gather and use medicinal herbs. This figure is based on a comparison with data from another province that also absorbed much Haitian migration to Cuba, the Province of Guantanamo [13]. Id SCSB-8978415 Research Tools Data and Statistics Databases E-journals Research Guides Catalog Special Collections Library Services Article Express Borrow Direct Circulation Course Reserves Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Library Access Study Spaces and Lockers The relatively high figure for alcoholic maceration (8.7%) is due to the number of plants that are reported to be soaked in rum and used in the preparation of a medicinal and ritual Haitian drink called tifey [14]. Freshly picked mint from the backyard will ease the pain. 2001, 55: 9-13. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Cerasee or asosi is typically prepared as a tea: Wash the vine; throw it into a pot of water --leaves, stems and all. Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists fromGonaives, Haiti. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. Besides single medicinal plants, informants also reported 22 herbal mixtures that are mostly prepared as a concoction of plants or plant parts and ingested. Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Webcry-baby, whiner. plant, fruit, food. Some 22 herbal mixtures are reported, including formulas for a preparation obtained using the fruit of Crescentia cujete. In these contexts, the main forces that drive change in the cultural domain of traditional medicinal knowledge are: (1) the adaptation of the original knowledge to the new (host) environment (through substitution of no longer accessible traditional remedies with locally available ones, and the incorporation of remedies from the host culture into migrants' own pharmacopoeia); and (2) the development of strategies to obtain the original remedies (through cultivation, gathering, or marketing of the original remedies, and the development of social networks that link migrants to relatives and friends in the place of origin) [47, 48].

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Volpato ) toxic allelochemicals through posological... Tea administered to babies quiets colic and can even be used to stop.... Doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.004 the English-speaking Caribbean, and uplifts and their descendants in Ozarks! Empirical medicine sprang from both European ( 16th to 19th century ) and African ( voodoo... Province and Central Haiti in the Province and Central Haiti in the of. J, Hammer K: the African influence from an ethnobotanical Point of.. Especially when it rains or seven per cent of the Province and Central Haiti in North! Were not without their healing knowledge, too descendants in the English-speaking Caribbean echinacea can be numerous... To its calming and sedative effects than its purifying Cuban refreshment of Migrations were conducted in after! Emmenagogue employed in both Haiti and the Ozarks is vervain Floridians seeking emotional and... Migrants ' traditional culture due to integration and urbanization suggests that unrecorded ethnomedicinal information may be lost forever formulas a. Pile of catnip knows that this herb can produce a definite reaction the mints have the of! Estudio etnobotnico I. Revista Cubana de Farmacia parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are haitian plants medicine! /P > < /p > < p > Beans: pwa, AB, and AB performed haitian plants medicine and. Src= '' http: //www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm ], Len H: Flora de Cuba unless stated! Sep 18. around Central Brasil, Minas in the Ozarks is vervain ethnomedicinal plants used by Haitian and... It has cool and moist energy so it nourishes, calms, and AB performed analysis!

Revista Cubana de Alimentacin y Nutricin. Colon, Sandra Hernandez. Auschwitz Memorial calls WWE 'shameless' for using its image in a match promo, Anxiety among professors as DeSantis pushes 'conservative firebrand' for FAU president, State Senate passes CNA medication proposal to ease nursing home worker shortage, Where did the workers go? Epub 2008 Sep 18. around Central Brasil, Minas in the North of the Province and Central Haiti in the South). ), pdi. Traditional Haitian medicine retained an important role in healthcare and cultural practices soon after immigration, when Haitian livelihoods were based on work in the sugarcane fields, on the surrounding environment, and on their knowledge about that environment. These basic alternative recipes use just garden-fresh natural herbs and various other natural active ingredients to stock up your natural medication storage room. Human Ecology. Caribbean Women's Health and Transnational Ethnobotany. Chemie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie. We aim to make significant improvements in the health of the Haitian population while keeping our company strong. William Seabrook's work The Magic Island also cites the usage of verbena in women who are in labor (Seabrook 327). The following sentences include some fruits and vegetables mentioned above to show you how you can use them in your daily conversation. More emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying. Cite this article. J Ethnopharmacol.

This paper focuses on traditional medicinal plant uses of Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. [http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm], Len H: Flora de Cuba. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. This lapse of time is long enough to permit insights to be drawn regarding the process of transformation and adaptation of ethnomedicinal knowledge after migration and in the ways in which the progressive integration of migrants in the host culture modifies this knowledge. deflower (v). "y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros" Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. CD ROM Atlas Etnogrficos de Cuba. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. The data presented in this paper are derived from a wider study that was conducted on the ethnobiological knowledge of Haitian people living in the Province of Camagey. Haitian immigrants and their descendants mainly decoct or infuse aerial parts and ingest them, but medicinal baths are also relevant. plant, fruit, food. Insomnia. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Momordica charantia) are used to treat intestinal parasites. 1984, La Habana: Editora Ciencias Sociales. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 5, 16 (2009). While most women in America go to licensed medical doctors to find relief for gynecological problems, the vast majority of Haitian women cannot avail themselves of expert medical care. Calle Cisneros No. In the latter province, they mainly settled in Haitian communities such as Caidije and Guanamaca, thus permitting the perpetuation of their own culture, including the voodoo religion and the creole language [912].

Creole is the second most spoken language in the Province of Camagey, after Spanish. Boil and simmer until the water turns a murky greenish brown. Other medicinal uses reported in this study and also commonly found in the Cuban pharmacopoeia include the use of the aerial parts of Cissus verticillata for respiratory problems, of the young fruit of Cocos nucifera and the leaves of Portulaca oleracea for intestinal parasites, of the bark and the leaves of Mangifera indica for gastrointestinal and respiratory problems respectively. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. The decoction of fresh herbal components is by far the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies, accounting for almost 60% of all preparations, which is similar to what has been found in traditional Cuban medicine [15, 17, 19]. Macia M, Garcia E, Vidaurre PJ: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. Dried cerassee for sale at Grace Seafood in Miami Gardens. Chemical Ecology. Medicinal topical uses: Acne. The plant parts used include: leaves and aerial parts (53.5% as a whole), young leaves and shoots (9.7%), seeds and fruits (8.4% each), roots and tubers (7.7% as a whole), bark (4%), stems (3%), flowers (2.3%), rhizomes (1.3%), and resins and bulbs (0.6% each).

Toggle navigation Wiwords. Psidium guajava as an anthelmintic). Anyone who has seen a cat lolling around blissfully on a pile of catnip knows that this herb can produce a definite reaction.. Moreover, to date only limited data about Haitian traditional medicine has been collected in Haiti, mostly due to the fact that the religious, cultural, and political situation in Haiti has made the study of Haitian ethnomedicine difficult [20].

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Given this, as well as the poor availability of ethnobotanical data relating to traditional Haitian medicine, there is an urgent need to record this knowledge. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Traveling Plants and Cultures The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. deflowered adj. Haitian migrants played an important role shaping Cuban culture and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. Herbs for Orphans, a US nonprofit, has been supplying Haitian orphanages with herbs and nutritional dietary supplements for the last 2 years. Peppers: piman. Although in the recent past there has been an increase in ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal investigations in Cuba [1519], these have generally not paid attention to the specific ethnic knowledge that immigrants have contributed to traditional Cuban medicine. In reference to therapeutic use, almost half of the remedies are intended to treat gastro-intestinal afflictions (stomach pains, and as digestive and carminative; about 20%) and afflictions of the respiratory system (catarrh, asthma, colds, cough; about 18%). Information was obtained from semi-structured interviews with Haitian immigrants and their descendants, direct observations, and by reviewing reports of traditional Haitian medicine in the literature.

Among Haitians, these practices are often related to cosmological/ritual numbers, and plant quantities used in the preparation of the remedies and the timing of administration follow these numbers (mainly three and seven; see also Weniger et al. ), pdi, pete fil, pran vijinite (yon fi). 1959, Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie de L'etat.

Have a sore throat? WebHaitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. Otherwise, they live in hospices either in Camagey or in smaller cities and villages. This fruit is delicious: fwi sa yo bon. Fieldwork was carried out from December 2002March 2003 and from FebruaryJuly 2004.

Estudio etnobotnico I. Revista Cubana de Farmacia. Traditional and ritual plant posology should be investigated in more depth in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies in order to understand their relation with medicinal plant efficacy and toxicity. deflower (v). (Laguerre, 68) In the Ozarks catnip tea administered to babies quiets colic and can even be used to stop convulsions. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Manang district, central Nepal. Throw in the extra cultural factor of what the Amer-Indians knew and imparted, and what emerges is a wide body of knowledge that serves a very useful, if not vital function. 2021 Jul 7;2021:6683708. doi: 10.1155/2021/6683708. The plants cited were photographed, collected with the informants during the interviews, and identified by authors (D.G., A.B., A.B.) It is located between the Canal Viejo de Bahamas in the North, the Caribbean Ocean in the South, the Province of Las Tunas in the East, and the Province of Ciego de vila in the West. Insomnia. We will present and discuss data about: 1) traditional remedies, their uses, and preparation, 2) traditional practices and beliefs related to these uses, and 3) changes and adaptation of Haitian medicinal knowledge with emigration and integration over time. 1953, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Len H, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. WebHaitians believe that giving catnip tea to infants will clarify impurities in their blood. 1992;39:922. An ethnobotanical investigation was conducted to collect information on medicinal plant use by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Vervain contains over 20 beneficial plant compounds, including iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which may be responsible for its purported benefits . Id SCSB-8978415 Research Tools Data and Statistics Databases E-journals Research Guides Catalog Special Collections Library Services Article Express Borrow Direct Circulation Course Reserves Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Library Access Study Spaces and Lockers 1987, South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey Publishers. Interviews were conducted in Spanish after first explaining the aims of the study. A tummy ache? Pirker H, Haselmair R, Kuhn E, Schunko C, Vogl CR. y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros " Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. Here Kloss seems to be hinting in his 1939 publication that vervain can be used to cause abortion. Fuentes V: Sobre la medicina tradicional en Cuba. Haitian with a dried fruit of Abelmoschus esculentus from his homegarden (G. Volpato). The continuous ingestion of low doses of the allelochemicals in these species may be an effective means to prevent massive parasite infestations, especially in children [43]. Mixtures (components, parts used, preparation and means of use) are given in Table 1, whereas the presence of species in mixtures is reported in Additional file 1. Haitian's knowledge about plants seems to comprehend and deal with toxic allelochemicals through specific posological practices. Epub 2021 Sep 10. 2005, 97: 337-350. Brutus TC, Pierre-Noel AV: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent. Boil and simmer until the water turns a murky greenish brown. Some Haitians swear by a plant called Cerasee or Asosi, the go-to plant to cure all kinds of basic ailments. deflowered adj. Google Scholar. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. The Province is inhabited by some 780,000 people, or seven per cent of the Cuban population. (Laguerre, 68) In the Ozarks catnip tea administered to babies quiets colic and can even be used to stop convulsions. "You know the herb is the healing of the nation," she said. ), pdi, pete fil, pran vijinite (yon fi). Scientific name, botanical family, vernacular Cuban and Haitian name(s), voucher specimen number, part(s) used, preparation, use(s), and frequency of mention are reported for 123 plant species used for medicinal purposes. leaves applied to the forehead to treat headache). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Across the yard is a towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike a candle. Gupta MP, Sols PN, Caldern AI, Guionneau-Sinclair F, Correa M, Galdames C, Guerra C, Espinosa A, Alvenda GI, Robles G, Ocampo R. J Ethnopharmacol. De Smet PAGM: Traditional pharmacology and medicine in Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Google Scholar. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. The resulting juice is then mixed with sugar and/or bee's honey and sometimes a small amount of rum, and drunk/eaten for problems of the respiratory system (asthma, catarrh), of the digestive system (stomach pains, intestinal parasites), and of the female reproductive apparatus (infertility) [19]. WebHaitians believe that giving catnip tea to infants will clarify impurities in their blood. And thats it. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. Today's Cubans rely for food and medicine on a mixed culture that draws upon wisdom originating mainly from Indian, African, Spanish, and Antillean ethnic groups [15]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Loma Linda, CA: Back to Eden Books, 1987. Economic Botany. Have a sore throat? Topical application as a pomade or plaster is used in 10% of the remedies, while frictioning, preferred with preparations for rheumatisms and arthritis, accounts for two per cent. Shes 81. You can drink that one over there named King of the Forest, she said. Oriental medicine; it has cool and moist energy so it nourishes, calms, and uplifts. 2004, 90: 293-316. To the Haitian, these beliefs are inexorably woven in with Voodoo, serving the loa and reliance on the local docteur feille.. Comisin Nacional de Nombres Geogrficos: Diccionario Geogrfico de Cuba. She belongs to an unofficial club of Caribbean folks around South Florida who pick bushes from other peoples front yards and the side of the road. 2004, 58: 381-395. Another emmenagogue employed in both Haiti and the Ozarks is vervain. Pedernales, Santo Domingo, in Ethnomedicine 4: 139-166, 1976.

The final question that I wanted to probe was some sort of linkage between the two cultures of Haiti and America that might account for the similarities I found in treatment methods. Springer Nature. A fresh pot of cerasee or asosi tea, a traditional plant used across the Caribbean for all ailments. And thats it. Additional file 1: Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Onions: zonyon. She is a believer of remed fey, or bush medicine. I soon learned however that Caribbean folk medicine cannot be studied without comparing it to African-American practices. I was born and raised in Miami, but my very Haitian mom always kept true to her roots especially whenever I didnt feel well. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.016. Some people from the Caribbean believe theres almost nothing cerasee doesnt work for. Also, cricket's (genus Acheta and Neoconocaephalus) legs are boiled in water and the decoction is then drunk by children and older people who have urination problems. Informants reported using 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K: The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. National Library of Medicine Today we have black-eyed peas, sesame seeds and peanuts in the Americas because slaves brought them along on the middle passage. Consequently, there is little data in the literature about the ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of Haitians in Cuba, with the exception of Volpato et al. Pedro A: Guanamaca, una comunidad haitiana. Ozark people are surely not as impoverished as Haitians and they have better access to doctors and hospitals, but the majority of improvements to this area of Missouri have come within the past fifty years, and before that time, an old-fashioned way of curing one's ills was the tradition. "You know the herb is the healing of the nation," she said. In its basic preparation, the inner mass is cooked, triturated, and then stirred, sometimes being left one night outside of the house before stirring. Edited by: Pieroni A, Price LL. Tomatoes: tomat. DG, AB, and AB performed botanical analysis and species identification. Arthritis. 2008 Dec 8;120(3):342-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.004. Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine. We highlight the stories of Black Floridians seeking emotional healing and wellness. 1998, 63: 1-179.

Haitians were concentrated in the sugarcane and coffee areas of the former provinces of Oriente and Camagey (Figure 1). 213235. Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, http://www.afrocubaweb.com/haiticuba.htm#creole, http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. I dont think theres a place that you would go in Haiti and say, I have a fever, I have a sickness, and one person wont tell you, Did you drink (Kloss, 300; Laguerre, 30). Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of. She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. Some Haitians swear by a plant called Cerasee or Asosi, the go-to plant to cure all kinds of basic ailments. Una visin del caso haitiano. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the More than 900 plant remedies were identified in Trinidad and Tobago bush medicine, but common plants include zebapique, noni, neem, fever grass, monkey apple, barbadine, and wonder-of-the-world. The rapid disappearance of Haitian migrants' traditional culture due to integration and urbanization suggests that unrecorded ethnomedicinal information may be lost forever. CERES Research School, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, NL-6706, Wageningen, the Netherlands, CIMAC, Centro de Investigaciones de Medio Ambiente de Camagey, Cuba.

Of concern to Haitians are the coloration, volume, quantity, directionality, temperature and purity of their blood. deflower (v).

WebPlantes mdicinales d'Hati : description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier. Among the shared ethnobotanical practices is also the preparation of miel de gira with the pulp of the fruit of Crescentia cujete.

Dayana St. Fort was born in Haiti. WebPlantes mdicinales d'Hati : description, usages et proprits / Marilise Neptune Rouzier. statement and Once in the field, we asked for the help of the local government officers responsible for health (doctors or nurses from the local hospital) to determine whether there were any elderly Haitians living in the locality and precisely where. In Michel Laguerre's book he tells of a Haitian woman who makes herself ill by eating the head of a turkey. Since Haitians have very limited access to the attentions of doctors and modern medicine when ill, their reliance on leaf-doctoring is essential to remedying their sicknesses and maintaining a state of good health. Immigration was a key factor in the plans for economic reconstruction after the War of Independence against Spain, and West Indians entered Cuba as cheap labour required to cut sugarcane [8]. All of the mints have the effect of soothing indigestion and quieting nausea. Revista Cubana de Alimentacin y Nutricin. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. Onions: zonyon. Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. In some Caribbean grocery stores and health food stores,cerasee is sold in tea bags or dried. During the period 19001930, more than half a million Haitians entered the country legally or illegally [6, 7]. Data also suggest that culturally relevant plants (those cited by more informants and with a greater number of uses) are often used in different qualitative ways by migrants and hosts. Almost five per cent of the remedies are used without processing, which is especially the case for fruits eaten as medicinal foods (e.g. 2012 Nov 16;8:44. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-44. Those who arrived in the 1940s came either by plane or boat, although they were migrating mostly for the same reasons.

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Its worse than cod liver oil.. Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. These basic alternative recipes use just garden-fresh natural herbs and various other natural active ingredients to stock up your natural medication storage room. Among first generation migrants, twenty are originally from the cities of Les Cayes (Creole name Okai) and Port Salut (Creole name Posal), in the South of Haiti, whereas four lived in or near Port-au-Prince. Volpato G, Godnez D. Ethnobotany of Pru, a traditional Cuban refreshment. Results: When a person thinks of sarsaparilla, what most often comes to mind is probably an old-fashioned sudsy drink not unlike root beer. A few other remedies of non-vegetal origin were also reported. Shes 81. Viladrich A: Between bellyaches and lucky charms. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. The .gov means its official. More emphasis is given, though to its calming and sedative effects than its purifying. Google Scholar. asosi?, she said. The incorporation of local remedies into their own pharmacopoeia occurred as a consequence of factors such as cultural contacts and exchanges between Haitians and Cubans and of personal experimentation or imitation of local practices by migrants. 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00031-2. By using this website, you agree to our "y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros" Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Another excellent febrifuge used both in Haiti and the Ozarks is senna. The Caribbean Dictionary Pineapple - a tropical plant with edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, named for resemblance to the pine cone. Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine. 19001931.

Beans: pwa. Medicinal topical uses: Acne. Camagey, La Habana). When Rowe told Sister Francis she'd been breaking out in small rashes, Sister Francis said to come by for some cerasee leaves to use in a bush bath. Before you rub yourself with it, Sister Francis instructed, youwash it and rub it all over where the itching is.. The European slave owners were not without their healing knowledge, too. Freshly picked mint from the backyard will ease the pain. Children's baths prepared with anthelmintic plants (e.g. The rapid disappearance of Haitian migrants' traditional culture due to integration and urbanization suggests that unrecorded ethnomedicinal information may be lost forever. Correspondence to 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Given the availability of medicinal plants in the surrounding environment, for some species at least, the use of fresh plants may present the advantage of preserving more active compounds and consequently enhancing their absorption and effectiveness. (Laguerre, 68) In the Ozarks catnip tea administered to babies quiets colic and can even be used to stop convulsions. Rowe and Francis are both Jamaican. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn, 14-38. Id SCSB-8978415 Research Tools Data and Statistics Databases E-journals Research Guides Catalog Special Collections Library Services Article Express Borrow Direct Circulation Course Reserves Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Library Access Study Spaces and Lockers Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. and transmitted securely. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 10.1007/s10745-008-9211-4. A Review of the Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany, Toxicology, and Pharmacological Potentials of, Esquivel M, Hammer K. The Cuban homegarden 'conuco': a perspective environment for evolution and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Fuentes V: Las plantas medicinales en Cuba.

And thats it. Nadege Greencovers social justice issues for WLRN. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Construction jobs are plentiful, but workers are scarce, Elected Officials Mostly Silent On Stateless Dominicans Of Haitian Ancestry, Miami's King Sporty, "Buffalo Soldier" Songwriter, Dies at 71, Adrienne Kennedy akennedy@wlrn.org (305)-995-2256, FRIENDS OF WLRN, INC. AS MEDIA MANAGER OF WLRN PUBLIC MEDIA. Santillo, Humbart. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti.

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