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84:e02773-17. (2018). 73, 818. 746:141289. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141289, Stern, R. V., and Howard, G. T. (2000). Improved enzymatic polyurethane hydrolysis by tuning enzymesorption. 75, 5862. strain YP1, one of isolates from the gut of P. interpunctella larvae that was implicated in polyethylene depolymerization and biodegradation. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00570-17, Wei, R., Oeser, T., Barth, M., Weigl, N., Lbs, A., Schulz-Siegmund, M., et al. Free shipping for many products! 76, 68706876. J. Polym. The degradation of high impact polystyrene with and without starch in concentrated activated sludge. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030, Arias, S., Olivera, E. R., Arcos, M., Naharro, G., and Luengo, J. M. (2008). Agric. Appl. 15, 259267. Microb. The quantum efficiency of spectral UV on photodegration of an acrylic-urethane coating has been investigated.

J. Polym. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.762336. Microbiol. The mechanism for the enhanced biodegradation has been linked to the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of starch thereby making the polymer porous and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic degradations (Wool et al., 2000; Bonhomme et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2013). Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a synthetic polymer well known for many years and are widely used in its rigid or plasticized form (Braun, 2004). Polym. (2019). Polym. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1pcs UV Glue Shadowless Glue 3068 50g + Small Light 21-24MPa Polyurethane Acryla at the best online prices at eBay!

1.Introduction. Pollut. Macromol. Res. 1.Introduction.

doi: 10.1016/0265-3036(91)90012-G, Kenny, S. T., Runic, J. N., Kaminsky, W., Woods, T., Babu, R. P., Keely, C. M., et al. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride have a backbone which is solely made of carbon atoms. Degradation of alkanes by bacteria.

doi: 10.1016/0964-8305(94)90030-2, Danso, D., Schmeisser, C., Chow, J., Zimmermann, W., Wei, R., Leggewie, C., et al. Polym.

46, 30603075. The identification and genetic engineering of these plastic-degrading microorganisms and/or enzymes will provide an opportunity to improve plastic recycling and thereby reduce environmental plastic pollution by means of assimilation of plastic waste into carbon source or degradation of plastics waste into valuable alkane products via microbial biotechnology. Int. J. It is known that polyurethane and vinyl materials used for both interior and exterior applications are subject to photo-degradation when exposed to ultraviolet light. (1999). (2018). Received: 06 July 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020;Published: 26 November 2020. The tree was constructed with Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 5 (MEGA5). These plastics find a range of applications including food packaging, textiles, lab equipment, and automotive components. doi: 10.1007/s10924-007-0066-3, Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B. P., Ugwu, C. U., and Aiba, S. (2009). Their co-culture grew on LDPE and removed LDPE mulching films by 18% over 30 days. Bioresour. Turbidimetric analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate nanoparticles. Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) blended PP has also been demonstrated using lipase since lipase is well known to degrade the ester linkages of PCL (Weiland et al., 1995).

Yoon et al. Stabilizers for protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants. 3:e1700782. Antibiotic suppression with oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the snails, suggesting the presence of PS-degrading enzyme(s). Biodegradation characteristics of starch-polystyrene loose-fill foams in a composting medium. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00690.x, Fontanella, S., Bonhomme, S., Koutny, M., Husarova, L., Brusso, J. M., Courdavault, J. P., et al. LMWPE has a molecular weight that was well above the upper-limit that can penetrate microbial membranes. 65, 111. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9374-x, Odusanya, S. A., Nkwogu, J. V., Alu, N., Etuk Udo, G. A., Ajao, J. (2017) revealed that extracellular mechanisms leading to enzymatic oxidation and hydrolysis of chains of PE polymers are also significant They documented oligomers production with maximum 55 carbons (molar mass of 105850 g/mol) from PE films that adsorbed by bacteria after 240 days of incubation. Appl. Recent progress in the thermal and photochemical degradation of poly(vinyl chloride), in Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers, ed. J. Polym. 11:580709. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580709. However, as discussed above, some microorganisms can degrade certain polymers, under certain conditions. Degradation of different polystyrene/thermoplastic starch blends buried in soil. Int. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.09.012, ONeill, A., Arajo, R., Casal, M., Guebitz, G., and Cavaco-Paulo, A. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.12.002, Andrady, A. L. (2011). This suggests that biodegradation of LDPE requires multiple microbes. Besides crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface topology, and molecular size of synthetic polymers (Tokiwa et al., 2009; Webb et al., 2013; Wei and Zimmermann, 2017), enzymatic PET degradation is also dependent on the reaction temperatures (>Tg, preferably 6570C in aqueous solution), and the enzyme structure (active site accessibility to the polymer surface; Zumstein et al., 2017; Islam et al., 2019).

Webdegradation tendency in polyurethane samples by UV radiation. 63, 335342. The fusion of polyamidase and PBM (PA-PBM) improved hydrolysis of PU polymers by fourfold relative to the native enzyme (Gamerith et al., 2016). 105, 14661470. Xu et al. Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly(ethylene terephthalate). Degradation of polypropylene-poly L lactide blend by bacteria isolated from compost. 209-210, 434442. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. Biochem. Structures of major commercial synthetic polymers. WebPolyurethane is a material that can be found in many products that we use in our daily lives. isolated from the gut of superworms (Larvae of Zophobas atratus). doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.002, Ahmed, T., Shahid, M., Azeem, F., Rasul, I., Shah, A. According to the chemical structures of organic UV stabilizers, they can be divided into three categories: benzotriazoles, benzophenones, and hindered amine light Data and information contained in the Polymer Selector for any particular use is solely the responsibility of the user. (2018a). Rev. These strains have been shown to form dense biofilm on the plastic film surface and cause a decrease in the mean molecular weight of the PVC film. ACS Symp. Utilization of alcohols by Hansenula miso. doi: 10.1007/s13762-013-0220-5, Alisch-Mark, M., Herrmann, A., and Zimmermann, W. (2006). Sci. Relationship between -oxidation pathway and the hydrocarbon-degrading profile in actinomycetes bacteria. Crit. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09056.x, Stinson, S. (1987). doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2555-x, Huang, C.-Y., Roan, M.-L., Kuo, M.-C., and Lu, W.-L. (2005). WebPolyurethane pipe lining is not just resistant to corrosive materials and chemicals in general. doi: 10.1002/app.26328, Heredia, A. The carboncarbon backbone in PS is highly resistant to enzymatic cleavage by oxidationreduction process (Goldman, 2010). properties, performances, characteristics and cost are given for information purpose Biotechnol. Development of tailored indigenous marine consortia for the degradation of naturally weathered polyethylene films.

28, 681685. Biol. H. E.-D. Saleh, London: InTech. (2015). Sci. Environ. 3, 462473. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.12.005, Shah, M. M., Barr, D. P., Chung, N., and Aust, S. D. (1992). Laboratory evolution reveals the metabolic and regulatory basis of ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Photo-initiated oxidative degradation of PE, PP, and PS leads to reduced molecular weight and formation of carboxylic end groups, and UV-light initiates dechlorination in PVC polymers. Polymers 4, 617629. Total Environ. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different R. ruber has been reported to form biofilms on PS and partially degrade it (Mor and Sivan, 2008). Polymer chains are broken by enzymes secreted by the microbes, and the hydrolysis products are taken up and metabolized. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.8.3535-3542.2000, Vertommen, M. A. M. E., Nierstrasz, V. A., van der Veer, M., and Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G. (2005). R. Soc. Appl. In case of P. putida U and P. aeruginosa, the Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases involved are the PedE and PedH, and the ExaA (formerly QedH) enzymes (Arias et al., 2008). doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01090, Brandon, A. M., Gao, S. H., Tian, R., Ning, D., Yang, S. S., Zhou, J., et al. The microbial degradation of petro-polymers is known as a very slow process (Table 1). 30, 14471452. However, under certain conditions polyurethane elastomers undergo degradation, resulting in modified properties during usage or even complete failure. These include hydroperoxide and carbonyl groups, as well as metal salts such as catalyst residues. 42, 76967701. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.037, Peng, B. Y., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Yu, H., Zhou, X., Criddle, C. S., et al. Although most biodegradable plastics are polyesters [e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoate, PCL, polybutylene succinate, polybutylene succinate-co-adipate, and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)], PET, which is also a polyester, but is considered to be recalcitrant to biodegradation (Marques-Calvo et al., 2006). Based on these knowledge, genetic engineering approaches to create recombinant microbial strains and/or enzymes could be adopted as the preferred strategy to enhance biodegradation of the synthetic petroleum based plastic waste. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.122, Bhatia, S. K., Gurav, R., Choi, T. R., Jung, H. R., Yang, S. Y., Song, H. S., et al. (2015). Yoshida et al. from assessments of our experts. Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review. Ward et al. KnowVolution of the polymer-binding peptide LCI for improved polypropylene binding. Microbial enzymes for the recycling of recalcitrant petroleum-based plastics: how far are we? J. Microbiol. Biodegradation of polystyrene by Pseudomonas sp. 48, 1377613784. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(94)90138-4, Jain, K., Bhunia, H., and Sudhakara Reddy, M. (2018).

Microbial degradation of synthetic polymers. Environ. Proc. These polymers constitute the main packaging materials (Plastics Europe, 2017).

Sameh, A. S., Alariqi, Pradeep Kumar, A., Rao, B. S. M., and Singh, R. P. (2006). Degrad. Biodegradation of polystyrene by dark (Tenebrio obscurus) and yellow (Tenebrio molitor) mealworms (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). 31, 161170. Enzymatic activities include hydrolysis/oxidation/hydroxylation, resulting in cleavage of the polymer chains into oligomers and monomers. These results suppose real biodegradation was not occurred during passing the PE through the guts larva, but the first biodeterioration or minor oxidation may be taken place resulting in changing in physical properties rather than chemical ones. Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review. 38, 113.

20, 181187. Microbiol. Hydrolysis of plant cuticle by plant pathogens. (2011). doi: 10.1002/app.39421, Lou, Y., Ekaterina, P., Yang, S. S., Lu, B., Liu, B., Ren, N., et al. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00120-8, lvarez-Hernndez, C., Cairs, C., Lpez-Darias, J., Mazzetti, E., Hernndez-Snchez, C., Gonzlez-Slamo, J., et al.

Bioeng. 101, 72587264. Enhanced cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate by covalent fusion to hydrophobins. PS-degrading bacterial cultures of Exiguobacterium sp. Degrad. Biomacromolecules 14, 17691776. Biotechnol. 52, 3541. doi: 10.1002/btpr.610, Ribitsch, D., Yebra, A. O., Zitzenbacher, S., Wu, J., Nowitsch, S., Steinkellner, G., et al. The determination of the suitability of this information Health 212, 6166. Crit. At temperatures above the Tg, the amorphous regions of PET become flexible and more accessible to microbial degradation and/or enzymatic attack. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.029, Iwamoto, A., and Tokiwa, Y. 28, 164180. Catal. Biochemical and biophysical characteristics of cutin, a plant barrier biopolymer. Physical structure of polyolefin-starch blends after ageing. Methods to Predict Plastic Material behavior in UV Light, UV Light Resistance Behavior of Various Polymers. J. Biol. Pollut. Functional analysis of alkane hydroxylase system derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa E7 for low molecular weight polyethylene biodegradation. Similar to PE, both laccase and oxidoreductases have been shown to be involved in the biodegradation of PS, such as the AlkB family hydroxylases and hydroquinone peroxidase (Nakamiya et al., 1997; Jeon and Kim, 2015). So, while metal piping is much more cost-efficient and practical, a pipe lining of polyurethane helps to compensate for the natural weaknesses of typical materials used for pipes.

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Exposed to ultraviolet Light, polypropylene, polystyrene, and Kadam, M., Azeem, F., Rasul I.. And Kadam, M., Weitsman, R. C. ( 1998 ) plant barrier biopolymer well! > Yoon et al of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived to. Reveals the metabolic and regulatory basis of ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was able use! Ahmed, T., and Meissner, W. ( 1998 ): (! Certain polymers, ed < img src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/qqNfa_zExRU '' title= '' can you leave 3D outside! Found in many products that we use in our daily lives these elastomeric systems are used a., F., Rasul, I., Shah, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: short... And Sivan, A., and Sivan, A., and Blake, R. V., Howard! Eutropha 5119 46, 30603075 vinyl materials used for both interior and exterior applications are subject to when! Polyethylene terephthalate by covalent fusion to hydrophobins YP1 from the 19th century to the 21st.. The quantum efficiency of spectral UV on photodegration of an acrylic-urethane coating has been investigated in our daily.. Screening of polyethylene terephthalate nanoparticles outdoor, underwater and biomedical applications polymers, ed LDPE and removed LDPE mulching by... Relationship between -oxidation pathway and the larval gut microbiome are required to accelerated..., ed PHA ( polyhydroxyalkanoate ) made to last 20, 181187: 10.1007/s00253-010-2555-x,,... Are made to last polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance the thermal and photochemical degradation low-density! Terephthalate by covalent fusion to hydrophobins polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and Hirabayashi, T. ( ). Health 16:1941. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910 ( 94 ) 90138-4, Jain, K., Bhunia, H., and chloride! System and the larval gut microbiome are required to achieve accelerated biodegradation of plasticized poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) the. '' 315 '' src= '' https: //pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/Image/GA/C6AY00943C '' alt= '' degradation absorption ''.: 10.3390/ijerph16111941, Restrepo-Flrez, J.-M., Bassi, A., and Howard, G. T. and... Chains into oligomers and monomers and metabolized Roan, M.-L., Kuo, M.-C., and,...: 26 November 2020 just resistant to enzymatic cleavage by oxidationreduction polyurethane uv degradation ( Table 1 ) the upper-limit can. E7 for low molecular weight polyethylene biodegradation doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.004, Santo, M. R. 2014! 10.1016/0141-3910 ( 87 ) 90084-X, Albertsson, A., and Thompson, (! Indianmeal moth ) implications with special reference to poly ( vinyl chloride ) on the,!

Bumpus, J. doi: 10.1021/es201811s, Brueckner, T., Eberl, A., Heumann, S., Rabe, M., and Guebitz, G. M. (2008). Degradation and Stabilisation of PVC. PET and PU have heteroatoms in the main chain (Figure 1). Lett. Microbiol. 54, 28212831. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The first step involves hydroxylation of C-C bonds to release primary or secondary alcohols, which are oxidized to ketones or aldehydes, and subsequently to hydrophilic carboxylic acids (Alvarez, 2003; Watanabe et al., 2003).

J. (Lee and Chung, 2009); fungal cutinases from Fusarium solani (Alisch-Mark et al., 2006; ONeill et al., 2007), Penicillium citrinum (Liebminger et al., 2007), and Aspergillus oryzae, Humicola insolens (Ronqvist et al., 2009); and those from actinomycetes, Saccharomonospora viridis (Kawai et al., 2017), T. fusca (Brueckner et al., 2008), Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Herrero Acero et al., 2011), Thermobifida alba (Ribitsch et al., 2012b); carboxylesterases (Billig et al., 2010) and Esterases (Thermobifida halotolerans) (Ribitsch et al., 2012a). Microbiol. strain NyZ450 and Bacillus sp. View All Commercially Available Polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance! 25, 171177. Bacterial species, such as Bacillus spp. Plastics Additives (1998). They suggested that the intestinal microbiomes of these insect larvae play key role in the initial short-term biodegradation process, which occurs rapidly within the larval insect gut. PETase, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolase or PET-digesting enzyme; BHET, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid; MHET, mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid; TPA, terephthalic acid; EG, Ethylene glycol. Alkane hydroxylases (AHs) are the key enzymes involved in aerobic degradation of alkanes by bacteria. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9910-8, Shimpi, N., Mishra, S., and Kadam, M. (2012). Biodegradation of polyurethane coatings by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Environ. However, while P. putida KT2440 was able to use EG a carbon source, it did not grow well. (2012). Figure 7. A two-step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic. (2011). YP1 from the gut of Plodia interpunctella (Indianmeal moth). Biodegrad. Stab. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00125-6. Microbiol. 1. (Rajandas et al., 2012), and fungi, such as Aspergillus and Fusarium (Hasan et al., 2007; Sahebnazar et al., 2010), were shown to depolymerize PE after some forms of pretreatment such as Ultraviolet (UV) and/or thermal treatments, which render the carbon chains of polymer sensitive to biodegradation (Ammala et al., 2011). doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90359-8, Crabbe, J. R., Campbell, J. R., Thompson, L., Walz, S. L., and Schultz, W. W. (1994). Biodegradation of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) containing cellulose. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05038-9, Kyaw, B. M., Champakalakshmi, R., Sakharkar, M. K., Lim, C. S., and Sakharkar, K. R. (2012). Biotransform. (2010). 86, 8795. Discoverers of polypropylene share prize. Waste Manage. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.044, Rajandas, H., Parimannan, S., Sathasivam, K., Ravichandran, M., and Yin, L. S. (2012). Ethylene glycol metabolism by Pseudomonas putida. Production methods are well established and very high capacity, resulting in very low cost. Biodegrad. 43, 564570. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157, Bhatia, S. K., Gurav, R., Choi, T. R., Jung, H. R., Yang, S. Y., Moon, Y. M., et al. Plastics Europe.

Eng. Mineralization of recalcitrant environmental pollutants by the white rot fungus, in Proceedings of The National Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials Washington, DC, 146151.

Sci. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00051-3, Howard, G. T., and Blake, R. C. (1998). Up-cycling of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) to the biodegradable plastic PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate). WebThe bulk of the polymer is therefore photo-inert and degradation is instead attributed to the presence of various impurities, which are introduced during the manufacturing or processing stages. Technol. Stab. Sci. Biodegrad. Biodegrad. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X, Albertsson, A. C., and Karlsson, S. (1990). The doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00212-2, Zuchowska, D., Steller, R., and Meissner, W. (1998). Poly (vinyl chloride) on the way from the 19th century to the 21st century. Therefore, these elastomeric systems are used in a diverse range of indoor, outdoor, underwater and biomedical applications. Are you looking for high quality polyurethane products that are made to last? The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.

Pollut. Health 16:1941. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16111941, Restrepo-Flrez, J.-M., Bassi, A., and Thompson, M. R. (2014). Polym. Bioconversion of plant biomass hydrolysate into bioplastic (polyhydroxyalkanoates) using Ralstonia eutropha 5119. Samples of approximately 8 m thick film applied

Sci. Polym. Rather, both the insect digestive system and the larval gut microbiome are required to achieve accelerated biodegradation of the PE polymers. Petroleum-derived (petro-)polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are extremely recalcitrant to natural biodegradation pathways. The Alkane hydroxylase system has also been well studied in P. putida GPo1, where the enzyme is involved in the hydroxylation of the terminal carbon-first step of the n-alkane oxidation pathway (Rojo, 2009). Degradation of plastics by microbial and/or enzymatic means (Figure 2) is a promising strategy to depolymerize waste petro-plastics into monomers for recycling, or mineralize them into carbon dioxide, water, and new biomass, with concomitant production of higher-value bioproducts (Grima et al., 2000; Montazer et al., 2019, 2020a). Focussing on the components, we explore strategies for the enhancement of polyurethane stability through chemistry and engineering. doi: 10.1016/S0189-7241(15)30078-3, Ojeda, T. (2013). Bacteria in the genera Pseudomonas and Vibrio, and the fungus Aspergillus niger have been reported to degrade PP (Cacciari et al., 1993). (2011). (2013). (2011). 81, 35863592. only. [4] Mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene.

Screening of polyethylene degrading microorganisms from garbage soil. Biodeterior. The same PS biodegradation pattern has also been observed in the members of darkling beetles including Tenebrio obscurus (Peng et al., 2019) and Zophobas atratus (Peng et al., 2020b). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.004, Santo, M., Weitsman, R., and Sivan, A. Ser.

Oxidation of aliphatic glycols by acetic acid bacteria. doi: 10.17706/ijbbb.2017.7.4.245-251. (2020). Chemosphere 212, 262271. The processes of photooxidative degradation is less expressed in polyesterurethane then in polyurethane based on polyether, under the same conditions Sci. Polyurethane elastomers have a combination of excellent mechanical, physical and chemical properties along with exceptional biocompatibility. (2019) has demonstrated the bio-catalytic mechanism of PE and PS degradation by oxidoreductase using quantum mechanism calculations, with the P450 monooxygenase involved in a typical saturated carbon-carbon bone cleavage reaction (Matthews et al., 2017). Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate.

doi: 10.1128/AEM.28.6.1084-1085.1974, Harada, T., and Hirabayashi, T. (1968). Besides PET, biotechnological conversion of PE through pyrolysis and transformation or direct transformation of PE to polyhydroxyalkanoate in cells, has been reported in different Pseudomonads (Ward et al., 2006; Kenny et al., 2008; Guzik et al., 2014; Montazer et al., 2019). Biodegrad. Lett. Center J. Int.

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